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The population of adults living with congenital heart disease (CHD) has expanded substantially over the last 40 years due to advances in diagnostic, transcatheter, and surgical techniques. Consequently, clinicians, regardless of their specialty, will encounter patients presenting with sequelae of both simple and complex CHD more frequently. Familiarisation with the pathophysiology and basic management of these conditions, including the role of adult congenital heart disease (ACHD) centres, is, therefore, vital. The moderately complex congenital heart defects that may present in adulthood include atrioventricular septal defects (AVSD), Ebstein’s anomaly (EA), tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) and transposition of the great arteries (TGA). Some of these defects are typically diagnosed and repaired in infancy, so clinicians must be aware of the possibility of adults presenting with post-repair complications, but some patients with unrepaired or undiagnosed defects remain asymptomatic until middle age, where they may present with heart failure, arrhythmia, endocarditis or even sudden cardiac death.

Iron deficiency (ID) is common in patients with heart failure (HF) and is independently associated with poor outcomes, such as reduced functional capacity and quality of life, increased frailty and increased risk of HF hospitalisations and mortality. Intravenous iron has been shown to be an effective and well-tolerated therapy in patients with HF with reduced and mildly reduced ejection fraction and ID, improving quality of life and functional status and reducing the risk of HF hospitalisations. This review aims to summarise the evidence behind intravenous iron therapy in HF from recent key randomised-controlled trials. This review will also discuss the evidence for intravenous iron therapy in patients with HF with preserved ejection fraction. Ultimately, we also aim to review remaining uncertainties, such as sex-specific differences in outcomes, the optimal iron repletion and maintenance strategies, and the most accurate measures of ID in HF.

Coronary artery disease (CAD) remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally, with early identification and management of risk factors being crucial to its management. Patients undergoing day-case angiograms represent a relatively high-risk population, yet often lack comprehensive risk-factor evaluation. Interventions have been shown to be more consistently aligned with guideline-recommended targets when conducted in hospital. As such, the cardiac catheterisation lab offers an invaluable opportunity for cardiovascular risk factor screening and intervention.

We enrolled 585 consecutive patients attending our institution for day-case coronary angiograms. Blood samples were collected for lipid profile and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), in addition to blood pressure recordings and a smoking history taken. The results were available for clinician review on the day, with encouragement to intervene on off-target risk factors.

We identified high levels of patients with established CAD and risk factors outside of the target range. This included 77% and 70% with low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and non-high-density lipoprotein (non-HDL) above target, respectively. There were also 19% smoking and 14% with HbA1c above target. A number of patients with CAD and previously undiagnosed risk factors were also identified, including 18 newly diagnosed with diabetes. A considerable proportion of these had interventions made on the day of their procedure.

Our results demonstrate a clear benefit to risk-factor screening in the catheterisation lab, with a high number of patients found to have risk factors outside of the target range, or previously undiagnosed, and appropriate interventions were made as a result.

Unfractionated heparin (UFH) is routinely used in percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). The aim of this study was to determine whether the required dose of heparin used during PCI procedures has increased over time, which was our subjective observation.

This retrospective study analysed the required heparin dosage in 100 consecutive patients undergoing isolated PCI for each year between 2016 and 2024, starting from 1 January of each year. The primary analysis compared the total heparin dose administered (a) unadjusted and (b) adjusted for weight and procedure duration, between annual populations. A secondary analysis compared heparin dosage in patients with at least one activated clotting time (ACT) value >250 seconds, the target ACT level at our centre.

The median total heparin dose rose from 9,000 units (U) in 2016 (interquartile range [IQR] 7,000–11,000 U), to 12,000 U (IQR 10,000–15,000 U) in 2024 (p<0.001). The median weight- and time-adjusted total heparin dose in 2016 was 1.95 (IQR 1.44–2.77) U/kg/min compared with 2.93 (IQR 2.1–3.8) U/kg/min in 2024 (p<0.001).

In the secondary analysis (in those who achieved a target ACT >250 seconds), the median dose was 1.81 (IQR 1.21–2.24) U/kg/min in 2016 versus 2.59 (IQR 2.03–3.22) U/kg/min in 2024 (p<0.001).

In conclusion, there has been a significant and unexplained increase in the total administered heparin dose for PCI cases in this centre between 2016 and 2024.

The most common site of origin of idiopathic premature ventricular complexes (PVCs) is the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT). This study reports a single-centre UK National Health Service (NHS)-based experience of catheter ablation (CA) for idiopathic PVCs.

We conducted a retrospective review of the electronic patient record, searching for all patients undergoing idiopathic PVC ablation at Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust (GSTT) between January 2016 and June 2023. There were 147 procedures performed in 118 patients: 21 patients underwent repeat ablations. There were 75% originating in the RVOT and 11% from the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT). Acute suppression of PVCs was achieved in 121 procedures (82%). Following acutely successful ablations, PVC burden reduction was greater in RVOT (85% decrease) than LVOT PVCs (44% decrease) at follow-up (p=0.03). There were 12 patients with PVC-induced cardiomyopathy identified. Following successful ablation (n=9), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) increased from 38% to 49%. Symptomatic improvement after ablation was reported by 80%, with 64% having complete symptomatic resolution. Patients experiencing complete symptom resolution had a 92% decrease in PVC burden, whereas patients with residual symptoms had a 76.2% decrease (p=0.03).

Procedural complications occurred in 10 procedures (6.8%): five were classified as major, including four pericardial effusions requiring pericardiocentesis, and one cardioversion for pulseless ventricular tachycardia.

In conclusion, CA is an effective and safe strategy for PVC suppression in idiopathic PVCs, and may result in a significant symptomatic improvement even without complete PVC suppression. Among those with PVC-induced cardiomyopathy, CA results in improved LVEF.

We present a case of malignancy-induced thromboembolism resulting in global ST-elevation myocardial infarction and complete heart block.

Rate-related left-bundle branch block (LBBB) is an uncommon conduction abnormality that can mimic ventricular tachycardia or myocardial ischaemia, and in prolonged cases may contribute to cardiomyopathy.

We describe the case of a 49-year-old woman with a previous history of mitral valve annuloplasty, anomalous pulmonary vein correction, and atrial fibrillation ablation who presented with recurrent palpitations and exertional chest pain. Despite normal echocardiograms and negative investigations for ischaemia, initially; a subsequent repeat exercise-tolerance test in 2024 revealed tachycardia-induced LBBB.

Tachycardia-induced LBBB may cause haemodynamic instability, chest pain (‘painful LBBB syndrome’), or long-term ventricular dysfunction. Early recognition is important for avoiding misdiagnosis as ventricular tachycardia or acute coronary syndrome. Clinical management focuses on rate control, exclusion of coronary disease, and the use of implantable cardiac device therapy in refractory or cardiomyopathic cases.

This case highlights the diagnostic challenges in patients with recurrent tachycardia-induced LBBB, the importance of excluding coronary artery disease, and the role of timely electrophysiology assessment to guide long-term management.

An 18-year-old woman with truncus arteriosus presented with septic shock due to methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus infective endocarditis of her right-ventricle-to-pulmonary-artery (RV-PA) conduit requiring urgent conduit replacement and a prolonged admission complicated by acute respiratory distress syndrome and significant deconditioning. She had three separate presentations to external medical practitioners in the week preceding admission. This case underscores the complexity of managing infective endocarditis in patients with congenital heart disease and the importance of early referral to a specialist congenital centre.

Obesity is a global epidemic, which, directly and indirectly, contributes to almost all cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, heart failure and atrial fibrillation. Reduction of weight is associated with substantial improvements in cardiometabolic risk factors, including blood pressure and glycaemic control, with over 10% weight loss required to see improvement in rates of major adverse cardiovascular events. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists have changed the landscape of type 2 diabetes and obesity management, showing significant benefit in glycaemic control and weight loss. Their potential for cardiovascular benefits means that they will likely have a central role in the management of patients with obesity-related cardiovascular diseases. This review summarises currently available GLP-1-based pharmacotherapies and highlights recent trials demonstrating cardiovascular benefits, and also provides practical guidance for patient selection, available agents, their initiation and patient monitoring. This will serve as an aid for cardiovascular clinicians, who will inevitably encounter patients suitable for, or already using, these drugs in their daily practice.