Clinical articles

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac dysrrhythmia. The evidence base and expert consensus opinion for management have been summarised in several international guidelines. Recent studies suggest a disparity between contemporary practice and perceived best practice. 

An electronic questionnaire was constructed to capture details of patient demographics and current practice, including risk assessment for stroke and major bleeding. All patients >18 years with AF as a primary or secondary diagnosis admitted from midday on the 14^th September 2011 to midday on the 15^th September 2011, were included in the survey. Participating units were recruited from the Society for Acute Medicine registry, and provided with an electronic link and password to enter data for individual patient episodes.

The electronic questionnaire was completed for 149 patient episodes from 31 acute medical units (AMUs) across the UK. The typical patient with AF presenting to the AMU is older, has important medical comorbidities (sepsis in almost a third) and frequently presents out of hours. Initial management was digoxin alone in 22% and 23% had a documented stroke risk assessment, not in-keeping with current guidelines.

This relatively simple methodology yields valuable insight into the real world management of AF, providing an additional evidence base.

Patients with amyloid heart disease have historically been considered to have a very poor prognosis and were considered almost untreatable. However, recent therapeutic advances are encouraging and likely to have a marked effect on management across the amyloid spectrum. This message needs to be conveyed to cardiologists, not least because there is now benefit to performing an endomyocardial biopsy to determine amyloid type. We provide an update on the significant progress in managing the three most common forms of amyloid heart disease in the UK.

Our objective was to compare the performance of computed tomography coronary angiography (CTCA) with exercise tolerance testing (ETT) in patients presenting with stable chest pain with low-to-intermediate predicted risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) as defined by the UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) clinical guideline 95. We investigated 85 patients with ETT and 102 patients with CTCA as first-line investigations after clinical assessment. Outcome measures assessed were diagnosis or exclusion of CAD, referral for second-line investigations, false-positive rate and cost of investigation to reach diagnosis for each modality.

CTCA was diagnostic in more patients than ETT (95.1% vs. 80.0%, p<0.05), had a lower false-positive rate (2.9% vs. 17.6%), led to fewer referrals for second-line investigations (4.9% vs. 21.2%, p<0.05) and resulted in overall comparable cost of investigation per patient (£183.44 vs. £165.16, p=0.49).

In conclusion, CTCA outperforms ETT as a first-line investigation in the investigation of patients presenting with stable chest pain with low-to-intermediate predicted risk of CAD as defined by NICE clinical guideline 95. 

Incidence of stroke attributable to atrial fibrillation increases from 1.5% at age 50–59 years to 23.5% at age 80–89 years. The use of oral anticoagulants to reduce the risk of stroke is well established, but all the available agents can cause bleeds if used in excess dose, in high-risk patients or in patients with reduced kidney function.

This article highlights the need to assess kidney function as stated in the newly published European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) practical guide on the use of the new oral anticoagulants (NOACs).¹ The EHRA guide has a section on NOACs for patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) where it is stated that “a careful follow-up of renal function is required in CKD patients, since all (NOACs) are cleared more or less by the kidney”. It continues “in the context of NOAC treatment, creatinine clearance is best assessed by the Cockcroft method, as this was used in most NOAC trials”.

The authors discuss the issues and present a simple guide on why and how to use the Cockcroft Gault equation for kidney function estimation. They also note that for drug and dosing decisions, reduced kidney function, for whatever reason (not just where a patient has been assessed as having CKD), needs to be assessed to reduce the risk of harm.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) adversely affects cardiovascular outcomes and mortality in the general population. We sought to determine the impact of renal function on angiographic and clinical results in ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI). 

Analyses were based on the prospective ‘all-comer’ registry of 1,064 consecutive STEMI patients treated with pPCI in our tertiary centre between February 2001 and October 2002. Admission serum creatinine concentration was known in 894 patients (84%). Mean serum creatinine was 105 ± 27 µmol/L and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was 67 ± 18 ml/min/1.73 m². Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction grade 3 (TIMI3) flow was achieved in 751 patients (84%). During hospitalisation, 29 (3%) major bleedings, five (1%) strokes and 12 (1%) re-infarctions occurred. By day 30, two patients were lost to follow-up and 41 (5%) were dead. Renal function was independently associated with 30-day mortality (hazard ratio [HR] 1.6, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2–2.1, p=0.003). In CKD patients (eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m²), TIMI3 flow was restored less frequently (79% vs. 87%), in-hospital major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) were more frequent (15% vs. 4%) and 30-day mortality was higher than in non-CKD patients (9% vs. 2%). Lower eGFR was associated with increased risk of major bleeding (HR 1.6, 95% CI 1.3–2.1, p<0.0005). In the subgroup of conscious patients with normal serum creatinine, eGFR remained significantly associated with 30-day mortality. 

In conclusion, renal function expressed by eGFR is an independent predictor of procedural success and short-term outcomes in STEMI patients treated with pPCI, even in patients with normal serum creatinine. Thus, eGFR should be estimated in all STEMI patients to help identify a high-risk subgroup.

This study was designed to evaluate the impact of a novel iterative reconstruction (IR) algorithm on an established UK cardiac computerised tomography (CT) service. Areas assessed included image quality and effective radiation dose (ED). 

IR in cardiac CT offers substantial ED reduction without compromise in image quality.

A 73-year-old woman, with a history of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in her legs, presented two years following coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) with left internal mammary artery (LIMA), left radial artery and left cephalic vein, with a massive right atrial mass. Pre-operative work up also showed a left adrenal mass on computed tomography (CT) scan. We discuss the diagnostic possibilities within such a scenario and review the literature for right atrial masses of diverse aetiology, including right atrial myxomas, benign and malignant tumours of right atrium and right atrial thrombosis. The case is unusual on account of the concomitant history of DVT and the presence of left adrenal mass, rapid growth of the mass within two years following CABG, the atypical origin of the myxoma near inferior vena caval opening and the near total obliteration of the right atrial myxoma by rapid growth of myxoma to a massive size.

Acute heart failure (AHF) is a common cause of hospitalisation, presenting substantial economic and humanistic burden for healthcare systems and patients. This study was designed to capture proxy UK health-related quality of life (HRQoL) data for hospitalised patients with AHF. 

Proxy assessments of HRQoL for patients were obtained from 50 experienced UK cardiac nurses (formal caregivers) and from 50 UK individuals who acted as caregivers for patients who had experienced an AHF event leading to hospitalisation (informal caregivers). Data were collected retrospectively for four time points (days 1, 3, 5 and 7 post-hospital admission for AHF event) using the EQ-5D. Results show a disparity in reported HRQoL at day 1 values between caregiver types (mean single utility index 0.20 vs. 0.68, respectively, p<0.001). By day 7, formal caregivers rated typical patients’ HRQoL as being comparable to informal caregivers’ assessments (0.82 vs. 0.73, respectively, p=0.145). 

In conclusion, collection of utility data in severe acute conditions is challenging. This study captures values through the use of proxy assessment. Data suggest that AHF hospitalisation is associated with a significant HRQoL burden and that there exists a need for development of new treatments aimed at improving hospitalisation outcomes.

We conducted a pilot study to evaluate the safety of the shuttle walking test (SWT) and exercise training for cardiac patients in community-based cardiac rehabilitation settings. Overall, 33 cardiac patients were tested (19 males and 14 females, 67 ± 8 years). Eleven cardiac patients (testing group) and 22 cardiac patients (training group) underwent ambulatory electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring during the SWT and exercise training during a long-term cardiac rehabilitation programme. Frequency of ECG events was reported for the two groups. Chi-square test was performed to determine associations between the incidence of cardiovascular events and poor functional capacity (SWT <450 m). 

The findings showed only minor events provoked during the SWT or exercise training, and no event-related hospitalisation, syncope episodes or fatality. The most important cardiac event was silent myocardial ischaemia (testing group: 27.3%; training group: 18%). Poor functional capacity was not associated with the risk of a cardiac event during exercise (testing group: χ²=0, p=0.99, phi=0.24; training group: χ²=2.1, p=0.15, phi=–0.42). 

In conclusion, supervised exercise testing and training are accompanied only by minor cardiovascular events and they can be carried out safely in community-based cardiac rehabilitation settings.

This single-centre, retrospective, cohort study aims to provide insight into the long-term survival of patients ≥85 years old undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) over a four-year observational period in a high-volume PCI centre. Between 2006 and 2010, 294 patients (mean age 88 ± 2 years, 56% male) underwent PCI at our institute. A total of 180 patients (61.2%) had an acute coronary syndrome (ACS) defined as unstable angina, non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) or ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). One hundred and fourteen patients underwent PCI electively (38.8%). 

We conclude that PCI appears to be a safe treatment option in very elderly patients with good one-year survival rates. Future randomised-controlled trials should specifically include this age group to guide interventional cardiologists in making decisions when faced with this very challenging cohort.