Much has happened in cardiovascular medicine since the early 1990s. Deaths from coronary heart disease have more than halved during this period. We have seen the introduction of drug-eluting coronary stents, implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs), cardiac resynchronisation therapy (CRT), ventricular assist devices and a host of new pharmacological treatments, many of which are disease modifying. The more recent national implementation of primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) will continue to help improve outcomes.
Groundbreaking innovations such as the National Service Frameworks (NSF) have contributed to the dramatic dec