Tag Archives: case series

Introduction Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have transformed cancer treatment, significantly improving survival across many tumour types. For instance, the 10-year results of the CheckMate-067 trial in metastatic melanoma reported a 43% overall survival (OS) rate, compared with under 5% before ICIs.1 ICIs function by inhibiting regulatory proteins expressed by immune cells, reducing self-tolerance and enhancing the immune system’s ability to recognise tumour cells. Most commercially available ICIs target the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1)

Introduction Postural tachycardia syndrome (PoTS) was first described in American Civil War soldiers,1 and subsequently in First World War soldiers.2 These early descriptions were published by some of the most eminent cardiologists of the time. It was defined formally as a syndrome in 1993,3 leading onto guidelines, more recently published by the Heart Rhythm Society 2015,4 and the Canadian Cardiovascular Society 2020.5 While we remain uncertain in detail about its underlying cause, it seems to be an abnormality in the regulation of the cardiovascular system causing excessive tachycardia on standing, with cardiovascular symptoms including ch