June 2023 Br J Cardiol 2023;30:74 doi:10.5837/bjc.2023.018
Su-Lee Xiao, Emilia Bober, Xenophon Kassianides, Francesco Medici, Han B Xiao
Abstract
Introduction
Diabetes mellitus is a major global health burden, with type 2 diabetes representing approximately 90% of cases. It is estimated that there were 451 million people with diabetes worldwide in 2017, and there will be 690 million by 2045.1–3 Unfortunately, almost half (49.7%) of the patients with diabetes remain undiagnosed. Diabetes accounts for 10% of global all-cause mortality and is a major risk factor for numerous cardiovascular diseases, including coronary artery disease, hypertension, peripheral vascular disease and heart failure.1 The link between diabetes and cardiovascular disease appears to be at both macrovascular and
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