Tag Archives: pain management

Introduction Chronic refractory angina is defined as coronary insufficiency in the presence of coronary artery disease with clinically established reversible myocardial ischaemia that cannot be controlled by a combination of medical therapy, angioplasty and coronary bypass surgery (CABG).1 Symptom duration should exceed three months. It carries a small increased risk of mortality,2 a significant risk of morbidity3 and accounts for more than 1% of the UK’s total health service budget.4 Triggers for angina include behavioural factors, such as activity and stress. Common misconceptions (e.g. that angina may precipitate myocardial infarction) m