Introduction
From December 2019, SARS-CoV-2, a novel coronavirus, sparked a global pandemic and rapid scientific responses to the new coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) disease. Rapid identification showed the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) as the host receptor for SARS-CoV-2. Given this, concerns were raised that renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors, such as ACE inhibitors and angiotensin-receptor blockers (ARBs), which may increase the expression of ACE‑2, could negatively influence COVID-19 outcomes. This led to significant media attention and anxiety about ongoing use of these medications. However, there has bee
