Tag Archives: risk factors

As with all health conditions, effective communication between the healthcare professional and patient is a key component of management. It is important that patients understand that raised Lp(a) is predominantly genetically inherited (>90%)2; therefore, other family members should be screened for the condition5 and made aware of the associated risks. Intensive treatment and management of other cardiovascular risk factors, such as low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, blood glucose and blood pressure, is recommended. Patients should be mindful of other conditions that might affect their Lp(a) levels, such as chronic kidney disease.5 Lastly

What is motivational interviewing? Motivational interviewing is a counselling approach that proposes collaborative communication between the clinician and the client, where the commitment towards behaviour change is strengthened.1-3 The European Society of Cardiology recommended using motivational interviewing and graded this counselling style as class 1 level A in supporting lifestyle risk modification.4 The practice of motivational interviewing involves using basic interaction skills and techniques such as open questions, affirmation, reflective listening and summary reflections (OARS).3 By asking open questions, the clinician invites the c

Introduction Peri-partum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) is an idiopathic cardiomyopathy with symptoms and signs of heart failure, secondary to disorders of ventricular systolic function, in late pregnancy or postpartum, where no other cause of heart failure is found. PPCM is one of the main causes of maternal death worldwide. Data in the US show the incidence of PPCM reaches one in 2,500 to 4,000 pregnancies, while data on the incidence in Indonesia are still unknown. Data from the 2012 IDHS (Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey) showed heart failure, including PPCM, as the cause of a high maternal mortality rate in Indonesia reaching 228 per 100,

Figure 1. Suggested model for hypertension Clinical significance Controlled hypertension is likely clinically significant. Patients often receive prognostication or treatment upon the basis of a diagnosis of systemic hypertension. This is built upon the assumption that the patient risk profile is determined by a once proven diagnosis of systemic hypertension. However, if patients are successfully treated for their systemic hypertension they may in fact move from a higher risk group towards a lower risk group. This could result in some patients ultimately receiving inappropriate treatments. For example, consider a relatively young male patie

The study, published in the May 25, 2010 issue of the Journal of the American College of Cardiology, analysed data from the INTERHEART study, a case control study of incident acute MI, to investigate whether the risk of MI associated with the metabolic syndrome is greater than that conferred by its constituent components (such as abdominal obesity, elevated glucose, abnormal lipids, and elevated blood pressure).Results showed that metabolic syndrome was associated with a two- to three-times increased risk of MI, but the same risk was conferred by having either hypertension or diabetes alone.  The authors explain that supporters of the metabo

In this larger context, the international Reduction of Atherothrombosis for Continued Health (REACH) Registry was launched in order to study outcomes of atherothrombotic disease, risk factors for atherothrombosis, and also current treatment patterns. Already, the REACH Registry has provided insights at a global level.1 For example, under-treatment of common risk factors such as hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, and diabetes was observed in all regions included in the REACH Registry. Obesity, including morbid obesity, was highly prevalent. Multivascular disease – atherothrombosis affecting more than one arterial territory – was present in app

As with the global results, there was a high use of evidence-based therapies in the UK patients. Despite this, the combined incidence of cardiovascular events at one year (cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, stroke) was high at 4.82%, 4.46% and 4.35% respectively for peripheral arterial disease (PAD), cerebrovascular disease (CVD) and coronary artery disease (CAD). These figures increase markedly when hospitalisations are taken into account, particularly in patients with PAD (18.54%) compared with CVD (8.29%) and CAD (10.07%). Cardiovascular event rates increased significantly with the number of symptomatic locations (p=0.0043), incr

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