January 2023 Br J Cardiol 2023;30:21–5 doi:10.5837/bjc.2023.002
Alyson Hui Ling Tee, Gayle Campbell, Andrew D’Silva
Introduction The prevalence of heart failure (HF) in the UK is estimated to be 920,000, with 200,000 new diagnoses every year.1 HF is the most common cause of admission for people over 65 years old and accounts for 2% of the National Health Service (NHS) total budget, which is approximately £2 billion. Seventy per cent of these costs are attributed to HF hospitalisation, amounting to £3,796 per episode of HF hospital admission, based on an average length of stay of 13 days.2 Additionally, untreated heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) has a mortality rate of approximately 40%,3,4 therefore, evidence-based pharmacological tre
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