Introduction
The diagnosis of atrial fibrillation (AF) is made from an electrocardiogram (ECG) showing AF lasting for at least 30 seconds.1 The ECG characteristics of AF are irregularly irregular R–R intervals (where atrioventricular conduction is not impaired), absence of distinct repeating P-waves, and irregular atrial activations.1
AF is the most common sustained arrhythmia in the general population, with an estimated prevalence worldwide of 2% to 4%,2 and this is expected to increase two- to three-fold by 2030.3 In the UK, approximately 1.2 million individuals (1.8% of the populace) have been identified and diagnosed with AF.4,5
AF is a