Peri-operative transoesophageal echocardiography

Peri-operative transoesophageal echocardiography (TOE) has become part of the routine management of patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Its use in guiding not only surgery, but also the haemodynamic management of the patient, has made TOE an indispensable tool in the cardiac operating theatre. Practical aspects of intra-operative TOE are outlined and its application in differing clinical situations is reviewed.