Clinical articles

Until recently, supportive and palliative care for patients with heart failure has been neglected in primary and secondary care. Patients dying from cancer have benefited from a co-ordinated approach to ensure all aspects of care, including advanced planning and financial assistance, are considered.

Plasma natriuretic peptide (NP) testing is not widely used in heart failure clinical practice in the UK or Ireland, despite a large evidence base. This article reports the views of a consensus group that was set up to develop guidance on the place of NP testing for clinicians in primary and secondary care.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been redefined by the American National Kidney Foundation with stages based on the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) or other evidence of kidney abnormality.(1) Five stages were originally described by the Kidney Disease Outcomes and Quality initiative. 

Direct current cardioversion (DCCV) to restore sinus rhythm (SR) in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation (AF) remains a therapeutic option, though recent studies have questioned its need and value in the longer term.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia and is a major risk factor for stroke. The 2006 National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) guidelines on management of AF recommended the use of beta blockers and calcium channel blockers in preference to digoxin for first-line rate control and emphasised the importance of appropriate thromboprophylaxis.

Coronary angiography is commonly performed via the right femoral artery. Under local anaesthetic, the arterial lumen is initially cannulated with a wide-bore needle, then a long and soft J wire is inserted through the needle. The needle is then removed, and an arterial sheath is passed over the wire using a Seldinger technique.

Cardiac sarcoid remains a notoriously difficult to diagnose condition and arrhythmias remain an important initial presentation. It is amenable to treatment therefore it is important to make an early diagnosis to reduce morbidity and mortality.

Sandwell General Hospital is an acute district general hospital that provides primary angioplasty service without on-site cardiac surgical facilities. The service was rolled out in stages in July 2005 and achieved 24-hour status by January 2007. Its two distinguishing features are collaboration with its partner hospital of the same National Health Service (NHS) trust for after-hours angioplasties, and mobilisation of interventional cardiologists to whichever one of the two hospitals that patients present to. We aimed to show that 24-hour primary angioplasty service by this collaboration is feasible and can achieve recommended door-to-balloon times. A retrospective audit of the British Cardiovascular Intervention Society database of 381 primary angioplasties over a four-year period from June 2005 to June 2009 was performed.

Median door-to-balloon time improved from 80 minutes (interquartile range [IQR] 51 to 107) to 64 minutes (IQR 50 to 85; p<0.007) and the percentage of primary angioplasties achieving recommended door-to-balloon time of ≤90 minutes increased from 65% (45/69) to 79% (169/214; p=0.001). In-hospital deaths were 3.0% (10/332) for patients without cardiogenic shock and 6.8% (26/381) for all-comers. We conclude that 24-hour primary angioplasty service in a collaboration of district general hospitals with a physician-to-patient no-transfer approach can achieve favourable door-to-balloon times.

Syncope, a transient loss of consciousness, can present to the clinician in a variety of ways. The most important tool for the clinician is the history, not only from the patient but also from a witness of the collapse, if available. Clinicians should be aware of the possibility that a patient or carer may unwittingly lead him or her in the wrong direction in attempting to describe falls or fits.

Misdiagnosis of epilepsy in the syncopal patient is well recognised. Data brought before Parliament have indicated at least 74,000 cases of misdiagnosis of epilepsy in England alone, at a cost of £184 million to the National Health Service (NHS), and incalculable cost to patients. The All-Party Report from 2007 only refers to patients misdiagnosed and mistreated with anticonvulsants, there are many more patients in whom epilepsy is ‘equivocal’, but who often have to bear the stigma of diagnosis.

In discussions about syncope, definitions are important. Syncope is a sudden, brief loss of consciousness due to a reduction in blood flow to the brain and, thus, of its oxygenation. With loss of consciousness there is collapse that may or may not be associated with jerking of the limbs. This can lead to confusion in the separation of epilepsy from syncope and we know that approximately 10% of patients diagnosed as having epilepsy probably suffer from syncope.

Syncope is a frightening symptom, which renders the sufferer, and those who are close, concerned about the diagnosis. In particular they will be worried about continuing the activities of normal life without social isolation due to the embarrassment and stigma of collapsing in public. Throughout the clinical pathway keeping the patient central to the process and supported remains vital. Support for both the patient and the professional can be sought at www.stars.org.uk

Temporary transvenous pacing (TTVP) is a procedure that carries significant risk to the patient. We performed a retrospective analysis of TTVP in an outer London hospital between July 2003 and March 2009 to establish who performed the procedure and the outcomes.