Tag Archives: atrial fibrillation (AF)

Introduction Retinal ischaemic perivascular lesions (RIPL) describe characteristic atrophic changes of the inner nuclear layer (INL) as a consequence of ischaemic injury.1 These are illustrated by spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) as focal thinning of the retinal INL, contemporaneous with enhanced hypo-reflectivity of the outer nuclear layer (ONL).2 RIPLs are chronic lesions originating from paracentral acute middle maculopathy (PAMM); these are hyperacute ischaemic lesions of the middle retina and are associated with multifarious vascular diseases.3,4 As opposed to their hyperacute predecessors (PAMMs), which resolve with

Background Some paroxysmal arrhythmias are either too short in duration, or result in symptoms too severe, to allow patients to be able to activate and record an electrocardiogram (ECG) on a portable patient-activated monitor. Non-sustained ventricular tachycardia, sinus pauses and transient high-grade atrioventricular block can be examples of this. Many paroxysmal arrhythmias, however, have a duration of at least a few minutes during which, a patient familiar with the use of a personal ECG-recording device, can activate the device and record an ECG that is of sufficient quality for a cardiologist to review the recording and determine the di

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