Tag Archives: hospitalisations

Introduction Heart failure (HF) is a clinical syndrome characterised by signs and symptoms that result from reduced cardiac output and/or elevated cardiac pressures. The European Society of Cardiology (ESC) classifies HF by left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (EF) into reduced (HFrEF; LVEF <40%), mildly reduced (HFmrEF; LVEF 41–49%) and preserved (HFpEF; LVEF ≥50%).1 Iron is an essential micronutrient involved in systemic oxygen delivery and utilisation. Iron deficiency (ID) can either result from depleted iron stores (absolute ID) or impaired iron usage despite normal stores (functional ID) and can exist in the absence of anaemia.

Introduction Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) is a significant healthcare burden internationally, with an age-standardised prevalence of approximately 3.8% in women and 4.6% in men, and an estimated five-year mortality rate of 43%.1,2 Hospitalisations for heart failure exacerbations represent a major financial challenge to health services, and such patients have a higher risk of readmission and mortality.3 Previously, the DAPA-HF (Dapagliflozin in Patients with Heart Failure and Reduced Ejection Fraction) trial demonstrated that dapagliflozin significantly reduces the risk of worsening heart failure and cardiovascular deat

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