October 2026 Br J Cardiol 2026;33(4) doi:10.5837/bjc.2026.050 Online First
Rani Khatib, Xenophon Kassianides
Why a CVKM approach is needed The rationale for a CVKM approach rests on three linked observations. First, the underlying conditions are strongly interconnected. The American Heart Association (AHA) has formalised cardiovascular–kidney–metabolic (CKM) health as a unified construct, reflecting the biological continuum between atherosclerotic disease, kidney dysfunction, metabolic disease, and heart failure.1 Likewise, European prevention guidance emphasises the overlap between cardiovascular risk factors and long-term multi-system disease burden.2 The recently published Department of Health and Social Care and NHS England’s Cardiovascula
March 2013 Br J Cardiol 2013;20(suppl 2):S1–S11 doi:10.5837/bjc.2013.s02
Professor Martin Cowie, Professor Derek Bell, Mrs Jane Butler, Professor Henry Dargie, Professor Alasdair Gray, Professor Theresa McDonagh, Dr Hugh McIntyre, Professor Iain Squire, Dr Jacqueline Taylor, Ms Helen Williams
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