Clinical articles

As the proportion of patients above the age of 80 years in the UK is increasing it is likely that in the future cardiac centres will be treating an increasing number of octogenarians as part of their patient population. Despite this, there are little contemporary outcome data in this group of patients who often have complex coronary disease.

We aimed to assess, first, the change in demographics of patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) over a 9-year period at a tertiary cardiac centre within the UK and, second, whether there has been a change in outcome for these patients in terms of major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE). A retrospective review of registry data on patients who underwent PCI at our institute from 2000–2008 was undertaken. Patients were divided into three groups according to when they underwent PCI: Group A 2000–2002, Group B 2003–2005 and Group C 2006–2008. Demographic data were collected along with the nature of coronary disease treated and MACCE rates.

There were 3,108 patients in Group A, 4,744 patients in Group B and 3,860 patients in Group C. The use of rotablation increased from Group A (0.4%) to Group C (3.8%) (p<0.01), over-the-wire balloons from Group B (0.8%) to Group C (2.7%) (p<0.01), and microcatheters from Group B (0.1%) to Group C (1.25%) (p<0.01). This was accompanied by a decline in total MACCE rates from Group A (1%) to Group C (0.43%). The proportion of patients >80 years increased from Group A (5.8%) to Group C (12.2%) (p<0.01), and a similar decline in MACCE rates was also observed in this age group from Group A (4%) to group C (0.9%) (p<0.01). 

In conclusion, the proportion of elderly patients requiring PCI is increasing. In this group of patients, PCI appears safe and is associated with declining complication rates.

Thiazolidinediones (glitazones) are a relatively new addition to the type 2 diabetes drug armoury, but they have caused considerable controversy since they were introduced into the routine management of patients with type 2 diabetes. Until recently there were two thiazolidinediones licensed for use in the treatment of type 2 diabetes: rosiglitazone and pioglitazone, but the European Medicines Agency (EMEA) on the 23^rd September 2010 removed rosiglitazone’s marketing authorisation across Europe because of concerns about cardiovascular safety. There is no evidence to show a similar cardiovascular safety concern for pioglitazone, apart from increased fluid retention and reported heart failure. Pioglitazone may still have a therapeutic role in the management of selected patients. 

The increasing population of elderly patients undergoing surgery has implications for care and resource utilisation, and the potential to meet operating targets. We prospectively reviewed collected data for 6,971 patients who underwent coronary bypass and/or heart valve operation from March 1998 through January 2007. Resource utilisation between young (<70 years) and elderly (≥70 years) patients was compared. 

The elderly (n=2,664) were a higher operative risk than young patients (n=4,127). Peri-operative requirement for additional medications (inotropes, anti-arrhythmics, antibiotics), blood transfusions, further interventions (resternotomy, sternal re-wiring, gastrointestinal surgery, renal replacement therapy) and device implantation (intra-aortic balloon pump, ventricular assist device, Swan Ganz catheter, permanent pacemaker) in the elderly exceeded young patients by 32%, 20%, 5% and 2%, respectively. ‘Progression through care’ (intensive care management >24 hours, intensive care re-admission, hospitalisation >12 days, and discharge to convalescence) was delayed in elderly patients. The elderly had a 91% cumulative excess risk for incurring extra resource utilisation.

Clinical resource utilisation after cardiac surgery was substantially higher for elderly compared with young patients. With a growing elderly population of cardiac patients, new clinical measures and organisational changes are needed to maintain clinical productivity, the ability to meet targets, and improve operative outcomes. 

Cardiac Networks always promised to be effective health communities across which sharing good practice and ultimately redesigning ideal care pathways for patients including Cardiac Rehabilitation (CR) could be made. The Black Country Cardiovascular Network in collaboration with the NHS Improvement programme conducted this observational study aiming at assessing and encouraging CR development across the English Cardiac Networks.

Balloon aortic valvuloplasty (BAV), first developed last century for the management of symptomatic aortic stenosis, was met with great enthusiasm due to its new and minimally invasive technique, but it has now largely been abandoned due to suboptimal results and a high restenosis rate. However, with the development of new techniques and the arrival of transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI), BAV’s use is starting to increase. In this article we put forward the case for a revival in BAV by exploring the traditional uses and safety of BAV as a procedure as well as a novel role as a bridge to TAVI.  

Cardiovascular disease is a major cause of death in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and multiple lipid abnormalities are common. Niacin effectively treats diabetic dyslipidaemia and reduces cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. We evaluated the lipid-altering efficacy and safety (especially, glycaemic control) of extended-release niacin/laropiprant (ERN/LRPT; a tablet containing 1 g ERN and 20 mg LRPT) in patients with T2DM. In this multi-centre, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 36-week study, patients (n=796) were randomised 4:3 to ERN/LRPT or placebo. After four weeks at 1 g/day, ERN/LRPT was doubled to 2 g/day (two tablets) for the remainder of the study. The vast majority of randomised patients (~90%) were dyslipidaemic based on medical history or baseline lipid levels; approximately 80% were taking statins and 99% were on an antihyperglycaemic regimen.

At week 12, ERN/LRPT produced significant (p≤0.001 for all) percentage changes from baseline in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (–17.9%), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (23.2%), LDL-C:HDL-C (–32.0%), triglycerides (–23.1%), apolipoprotein (Apo) B (–17.1%), Apo A-I (8.2%) and total cholesterol (TC):HDL-C (–22.9%) versus placebo. The clinical and laboratory adverse events that occurred more frequently in the ERN/LRPT group versus the placebo group were pruritus, rash, flushing, gastrointestinal upset and elevations in alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA_1c). From baseline to week 36, median FPG and HbA_1c increased with ERN/LRPT from 7.31 to 7.88 mmol/L and 6.9 to 7.3%, respectively, consistent with known niacin effects. More patients in the ERN/LRPT group required intensified antihyperglycaemic therapy (17.6% vs. 8.2%; p≤0.001). In this population of patients with T2DM, ERN/LRPT produced significant, durable improvements in lipids/lipoproteins and had a safety profile consistent with ERN/LRPT and ERN alone in other populations.

In this series of articles looking at contemporary ways to image atherosclerosis, we have covered the main techniques used in the UK as diagnostic tools and research modalities. For this final article, I have chosen to concentrate on new technologies that show promise for the future.

The outcome and complications of atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation in a UK patient cohort were investigated by offering symptomatic, drug-refractory patients ablation. Treatment goals were to disconnect all pulmonary veins electrically and improve symptoms using a state-of-the-art ablation method. Outcomes were defined as: ‘success’ (no symptoms or Holter AF); ‘partial success’ (substantially reduced AF symptoms); ‘clinical success’ (‘success’ and ‘partial success’); ‘failure’ (no symptom improvement).

Sulphonylureas are well established in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. They are effective in improving glycaemic control and preventing microvascular complications. Side effects that can restrict use include hypoglycaemia and weight gain. Although there is no clear evidence for reduction of cardiovascular disease from randomised-controlled trials, follow-up data from the United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) shows reduced cardiovascular risk. Concerns about sulphonylureas causing inhibition of ischaemic preconditioning are relevant in primary angioplasty, but there is a lack of clear evidence, with a need for randomised-controlled trials to investigate this further.

Cardiac auscultation is a critical part of the clinical examination. In this review we discuss the conventional approach to teaching and using the skill of cardiac auscultation. We then consider how recent technological advances may improve the teaching and implementation of this essential clinical skill.