Tag Archives: modern service framework (MSF)

Why a CVKM approach is needed The rationale for a CVKM approach rests on three linked observations. First, the underlying conditions are strongly interconnected. The American Heart Association (AHA) has formalised cardiovascular–kidney–metabolic (CKM) health as a unified construct, reflecting the biological continuum between atherosclerotic disease, kidney dysfunction, metabolic disease, and heart failure.1 Likewise, European prevention guidance emphasises the overlap between cardiovascular risk factors and long-term multi-system disease burden.2 The recently published Department of Health and Social Care and NHS England’s Cardiovascula