Tag Archives: coronary artery disease

Introduction Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are responsible for the demise of 17.9 million people yearly, making it the main cause of death in the world.1 According to the American Heart Association’s (AHA) 2022 report on heart disease and stroke statistics, the average yearly indirect and direct expenses of CVD in the US were an estimated $378.0 billion in 2017–2018.2 Early detection of coronary artery disease (CAD) and proper treatment can reduce mortality, and the economic burden it brings along. Although progress has been made in the diagnosis of CAD, it has been limited by the low signal-to-noise ratio of conventional imaging modalit

Introduction According to projections, coronary artery disease (CAD), which is brought on by the atherosclerotic process in coronary arteries, will continue to be the world’s leading cause of death and morbidity.1,2 The development of coronary lesions may increase the risk of mortality for patients by causing serious adverse cardiovascular events including acute coronary syndrome (ACS). In the treatment of CAD, reperfusion via percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) combined with the placement of drug-eluting stents (DES) and fibrinolytics has considerably improved patient clinical results.1,2 Even while it significantly lessens post-infar

Disease made worse? Dr Pitt O Lim When Grüntzig extended balloon angioplasty from the leg to the heart as a minimally invasive procedure for coronary atherosclerosis in 1977, there was a 10% rate of abrupt vessel closure (AVC), possibly causing a myocardial infarction (MI).1,2 At the time, cardiac surgeons stood by, rescuing these patients with emergency coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Bare-metal stent (BMS), a balloon-expandable metallic-mesh scaffold was introduced 10 years later to overcome this immediate complication. The drug-eluting stent (DES), marketed from 2003, overcomes BMS’s in-stent restenosis (ISR) due to healing tiss

Introduction Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a narrowing of the coronary arteries that supply oxygen and blood to the heart.1 The treadmill test is important to evaluate cardiovascular status and functional capacity in patients with or without CAD. This test is the cheapest and most effective diagnostic tool recommended by the American Heart Association (AHA) for diagnosing CAD for the first time, with a sensitivity of 45% and a specificity of 85%.2,3 After the weight-training test, risk stratification of CAD events can be carried out, either by using the Duke treadmill score (DTS) or the simplified treadmill score (STS). In patients who hav

How much does air pollution contribute to ASCVD development? A meta-analysis showed that a low and high air pollution concentration contributes to ASCVD among adults; however, the higher the concentration, the higher the risk of irreparable damage, which can exacerbate morbidity and mortality levels.7 This meta-analysis found that heart rate variability decreased for every 10 µg/m3 increase in PM2.5 within both short- and long-term exposure groups, whereas ASCVD risk increased. In observational studies, which took place in China, Canada, US and South Korea, the hazard ratio (HR) increased significantly in the exposure to different pollutants

Introduction Over the past two decades, extensive debates continued to be held to determine the minimum annual percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) numbers an interventional healthcare institution must meet in order to maintain high-quality performance and ensure patient safety throughout the entirety of patients’ hospital stay. While PCI procedures have become routine, they remain quite complex and potentially risky. Operators’ expertise, cardiac catheter laboratory (Cathlab) team competence and equipment readiness, coronary care unit (CCU) preparedness, and cardiac surgery availability or accessibility, are all essential factors tha

Introduction Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in the UK, and anginal chest pain is the most common manifestation.1,2 Chest pain, however, is one of the most common presenting symptoms in both emergency, primary and secondary care, and can be secondary to a myriad of pathologies. Therefore, the diagnosis of CAD from symptoms alone can prove challenging. Despite developments in both invasive and non-invasive CAD imaging, these investigations are not without risks and cost to the health service. Reduction of unnecessary investigations, while identifying patients most at risk, has been a major motiv

Introduction Undifferentiated chest pain places a significant burden on the UK National Health Service (NHS). Up to 50% of the general population experiences chest pain in their lifetime contributing to at least 1% of GP consultations and 5% of accident and emergency (A&E) attendances.1 Chest pain patients have a twofold higher mortality versus age-matched asymptomatic controls.1 One reason is undiagnosed obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD), which has effective treatments to prolong life and improve symptoms.1 The challenge is identifying the patients at greatest risk, providing a timely diagnosis and starting effective treatment. T

Introduction Depression is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), with depressive symptoms affecting up to 45% of patients with CAD.1 Cardiac patients with depressive symptoms experience a 2 to 2.5-fold mortality increase when compared with cardiac patients without depressive symptoms.2 Screening tools include the patient health questionnaire (PHQ), which exists in two- and nine-question formats, with PHQ2 being nearly 90% sensitive and 73% specific for depression,3 and PHQ9 being 88% sensitive and 88% specific for depression.4 We examined the records of patients with CAD in an ambulato

Self-monitoring of type 2 diabetes cuts costs Self-monitoring of type 2 diabetes used in combination with an electronic feedback system results in considerable savings on health care costs and also travel costs for patients, especially in sparsely populated areas, a new study shows. The study, carried out in Northern Karelia by the University of Eastern Finland, found that by replacing half of the required follow-up visits for type 2 diabetes with self-measurements and electronic feedback, total costs of glycated haemoglobin monitoring were reduced by nearly 60%. The annual per-patient cost was down from 280 euros to 120 euros. Fewer follow-u